Teaching Syllabus of Regional Anatomy

Applied for Undergraduates of Clinical Medicine

(March, 2016 Revised)

Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology

School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Fudan University

Preface

 Course Objectives:

Regional Anatomy deal with the form. position, and relationship of the structures of several systems located in a particular region of the body. it is the best means we have for reaching our main objective of acquiring knowledge of the structure of the living body. the ability of analyzing, inducing and solving problems. Anatomy is a descriptive science. Therefore, its terminology is mainly descriptive. An accurate use of anatomic terms in anatomyu is essential to avoid confusion.

During dissection, the cadaver usually lies horizontally on the table either in the suprine position(face up)or in the prone position(face down),but the dissectior must remember that all of the descriptive terms are based on the anatomical position, e.g.the median plane, coronal plane ,sagittal plane, superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, internal, external. supination, pronation, flextion, extension, abduction, adduction etc. Because there descriptive anatomical terms are also used by the clinicians (practicing doctors),it is important for you to learn them well with a textbook and to practice using them.

Even though the cadaver is lying on the dissection table. When encountering a structure during dissection, be aware of its position, its relationship to other structures, its size and shape, its function, its blood supply, and its nerve supply. Learn to give an accurate account of each important structure in an orderly and logical fashion by describing it to your lab partners. Always base your descriptions on the anatomical position.

By dissecting carefully certain position, you try your best to display the each structure fully, clearly and cleanly, including the layers from superficial to deep, how to make the insicion,how to identify or look for some special structure, the borders of certain region,the neighbouring relationship of some organs, the distribution and course of the blood vessel, nerve, lymphatic vessel et al.Learning well of the regional anatomy could lay the better basis for the coming clinical work or practice. it is the most important step to become a excellent medical workers.

Course Schedule:

Proportion of Theory and practical course is 1:5 approximately

Theory lecture : Introducing some dissection instructions, how to look for the important structures and some hints of studying.

Practical course: Each student will have chance to dissect a cadaver by himself or herself.

Teaching plan

Course Requirements:

This basic requirements of this outline is basic theory, elementary knowledge and basic skill of systematic anatomy. The teaching of Human Anatomy should be guided by the view of evolutionary development, should carry out the principle of combining theory with practice, shape with function, partly with whole. The teaching of systematic anatomy includes theory lecture and experiment. Theory lecture introduce the composition of the systems in human body, and introduce the ground form, construction features, position relationship of those organs and their function by multimedia. With experiment guided by the teachers, the students should achieve the aim of strengthening mastery of the elementary knowledge and basic skill of systematic anatomy by self-study, observation to the anatomic specimen and model, and the observation and touch to the living body of themselves. Meanwhile, students should connect properly with some discussion of clinical cases to strengthen prehension and memory of the essential contents of anatomy.

Grading:

Homework and Question and answer in class         15 %

Specimen identification                           30%

Theory Exam                                      55 %

Recommended Reading:

《Grant’s atlas of anatomy》

《A textbook of regional anatomty》(5 Editions) by jilin science and technology publishing house.

《Essential clinical anatomy》(3 Edition)

《Essential Clinical Anatomy》(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins)

《 Netter atlas of anatomy》

《Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students》 [M]. Ed. 7, Lippincott: Williams and Wilkins, 2003

《Clinical Oriented Anatomy》[M]. Ed.4, Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1999

《Cunningham Manual of Practical Anatomy》: upper and lower limb[M]. Ed.15, Oxford: Oxford Medical Publication, 1996.

《Cunningham Manual of Practical Anatomy》 thorax and abdomen[M]. Ed.15, Oxford: Oxford Medical Publication, 1996.

《Cunningham Manual of Practical Anatomy》: head and neck and brain[M]. Ed.15, Oxford: Oxford Medical Publication, 1996.

Appendix:

]Upper Limb

-Contents and Demands:

Ⅰ. The bones and joints of upper limb

1.Be familiar with the names and arrangement of the bones of the upper limb.

2.Grasp the bone markings and clinical anatomy of scapula, humerus, ulna and radius.

3.Be familiar with the composition and clinical anatomy of sternoclavicular joint, intercarpal joints, carpometacarpal joints, intermetacarpal joints, metacarpophalangeal joints, and interphalangeal joints

4.Grasp the composition, structural features, movement and clinical anatomy of the shoulder joint, elbow joint and wrist joint.

Ⅱ. The pectoral region and axilla

1.Grasp the composition of the breast.

2.Grasp the lymph drainage and clinical anatomy of the breast.

3.Be familiar with the name, position, nerve supply and clinical anatomy of muscles connecting the upper limb to the thoracic wall.

4.Be familiar with the name, position, nerve supply and clinical anatomy of muscles connecting the scapula to the humerus.

5.Grasp the origin, insertion, action, nerve supply and clinical anatomy of pectoralis major, trapezius, latissimus dorsi, and deltoid muscles.

6.Grasp the boundaries, contents and clinical anatomy of the axilla.

7.Grasp the beginning, ending, branches and clinical anatomy of the axillary artery.

8.Grasp the formation, position, main branches and clinical anatomy of the brachial plexus.

9.Grasp the groups, area of drainage and clinical anatomy of the axillary lymph nodes.

Ⅲ. The arm

1.Grasp the beginnings, course, endings and clinical anatomy of superficial veins of the free upper limb.

2.Be familiar with the lymphatic drainage of upper limb

3.Be familiar with the name and arrangement of muscles of arm.

4.Mast the origin, insertion, action, nerve supply and clinical anatomy of biceps brachii and triceps.

5.Grasp the beginning, ending, branches and clinical anatomy of the brachial artery.

6.Grasp the distributions and clinical anatomy of the musculocutaneus nerve, axillary nerve and radial nerves.

7.Grasp the innervation and clinical anatomy of the muscles of the arm.

Ⅳ. The forearm

1.Grasp the boundaries, contents and clinical anatomy of the cubital fossa.

2.Be familiar with the name and arrangement of the muscles of forearm.

3.Grasp the beginning, ending, branches and clinical anatomy of the radial and ulnar arteries.

4.Grasp the innervation and clinical anatomy of the muscles of the forearm.

Ⅴ. The hand

1.Be familiar with the boundaries, contents and clinical anatomy of the anatomical “snuffbox”.

2.Grasp the composition, contents and clinical anatomy of the carpal tunnel.

3.Be familiar with the groups and clinical anatomy of the muscles of hand.

4.Grasp the formation and clinical anatomy of the superficial and deep palmar arches.

5.Grasp the innervation and clinical anatomy of the muscles and skin of the hand.

6.Be familiar with the position and clinical anatomy of the fascial spaces of the palm.

7.Be familiar with the pulp space and clinical anatomy of the fingers.

Lower Limb

-Contents and Demands:

Ⅰ. The bones and joints of upper limb

1.Be familiar with the names and arrangement of the bones of the lower limb.

2.Grasp the bone markings and clinical anatomy of the hip bone, femur, tibia and fibula.

3.Be familiar with the ligaments, foramina and clinical anatomy of the gluteal region.

4.Grasp the composition, structural features, movement and clinical anatomy of the hip joint, knee joint and ankle joint.

5.Be familiar with the composition and clinical anatomy of the arches of foot.

Ⅱ. The gluteal region

1.Be familiar with the name, position and nerve supply of muscles of gluteal region.

2.Grasp the origin, insertion, action, nerve supply and clinical anatomy of gluteus maximus and piriformis.

3.Grasp the structures exit the greater sciatic foramen and their clinical anatomy.

4.Grasp the structures passing through the lesser sciatic foramen and their clinical anatomy.

5.Grasp the origin, course, distribution and clinical anatomy of the sciatic nerve.

Ⅲ. The thigh

1.Grasp the beginnings, course, endings and clinical anatomy of superficial veins of the free lower limb.

2.Grasp the position, area drainage and clinical anatomy of the superficial and deep inguinal lymph nodes.

3.Be familiar with the structures formed by the deep fascia of the thigh (saphenous hiatus and iliotibial tract) and theirclinical anatomy.

4.Be familiar with the name and arrangement of muscles of thigh.

5.Grasp the origin, insertion, action, nerve supply and clinical anatomy of sartorius and quadriceps femoris.

6.Be familiar with the composition, contents and clinical anatomy of the femoral sheath.

7.Grasp the boundaries and clinical anatomy of the femoral ring.

8.Grasp the beginning, ending, branches and clinical anatomy of the femoral artery.

9.Grasp the beginning, branches, distribution and clinical anatomy of the femoral nerve.

10.Grasp the boundaries, contents and clinical anatomy of the femoral triangle.

11.Grasp the boundaries, contents and clinical anatomy of the adductor canal.

12.Be familiar with the beginning, branches, distribution and clinical anatomy of the obturator nerve and artery.

Ⅳ. The leg and foot

1.Grasp the boundaries, contents and clinical anatomy of the popliteal fossa.

2.Grasp the beginning, ending and clinical anatomy of the popliteal artery

3.Be familiar with the name and arrangement of muscles of leg.

4.Grasp the origin, insertion, action, nerve supply and clinical anatomy of tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius and soleus, and tibialis posterior.

5.Grasp the beginning, ending and clinical anatomy of the anterior and posterior tibial ateries.

6.Grasp the distributions and clinical anatomy of the tibial, superficial and deep peroneal nerves.

7.Grasp the innervation and clinical anatomy of the muscles of the leg.

8.Be familiar with the beginning, ending, branches and clinical anatomy of the dorsalis pedis artery.

9.Grasp the structures that pass behind the medial malleolus beneath the flexor retinaculum from medial to lateral and their clinical anatomy.

Part 2 Thorax, Abdomen and Pelvis

Thorax

-Contents and Demands:

1.Ⅰ. Bones and joints of thorax

1.Grasp the classification, shape, structures and clinical anatomy of ribs.

2.Grasp the shape, structures and clinical anatomy of sternum.

3.Grasp the shape, structures and clinical anatomy of thoracic vertebrae.

4.Be familiar with the joints of thoracic cage.

5.Grasp the composition, shape, structures, apertures, function and clinical anatomy of thoracic cage.

6.Be familiar with the joints of vertebral column.

7.Grasp the joints between the bodies of vertebrae. Grasp the composition, shape, movements and clinical anatomy of vertebral column.

Ⅱ. Walls and cavity of thorax

1.Be familiar with the layers of thoracic wall. Grasp the a., v., and n. supplying thoracic wall and their clinical anatomy.

2.Be familiar with the definitions of pleura and pleural cavities; Grasp the portions of parietal pleura, pleural recesses, and surface markings of inferior margins about lungs and pleura. Grasp clinical anatomy of pleura and pleural cavities

3.Grasp the shape, structures and clinical anatomy of lung, and intrapulmonary structures.

4.Be familiar with the definition of mediastinum. Grasp the portions and clinical anatomy of mediastinum. Understand the visible structures of the right and left side of mediastinum

5.Be familiar with the location, structures and clinical anatomy of trachea.

6.Grasp the features and clinical anatomy of left and right principal bronchi.

7.Be familiar with the location of esophagus. Grasp the anterior and posterior relationships of esophagus, and compressed or narrowing areas and clinical anatomy.

8.Be familiar with the definition, portions, pericardial cavity, pericardial sinuses and clinical anatomy about pericardium.

9.Grasp the location, surface structures and clinical anatomy of the heart. Be familiar with the structure layers of the cardiac walls. Grasp the interatrial and interventricular septums and their clinical anatomy. Grasp the structures and clinical anatomy about four chambers of heart. Grasp the composition, location and clinical anatomy of conductive system. Grasp the right and left coronary a. supplying areas of heart. Grasp the location, drainage and opening of coronary sinus.

10.Be familiar with the pulmonary trunk and left and right pulmonary a., left and right pulmonary v. and their clinical anatomy; Grasp the location and clinical anatomy of ligamentum arteriosum.

11.Grasp the beginning, ending, portions and clinical anatomy of aorta; Be familiar with the branch supplying of each portion of the aorta; Grasp the branches off the aortic arch and their clinical anatomy.

12.Grasp the beginning, ending, drainage and clinical anatomy of the azygos v..

13.Grasp the beginning, ending, drainage and clinical anatomy of the left and right brachiocephalic v.

14.Grasp the beginning, ending, drainage and clinical anatomy of the superior and inferior vena cava.

15.Grasp the courses and branch distributions and clinical anatomy of phrenic n.

16.Grasp the courses and the branch distributions and clinical anatomy of vagus n. in thorax.

17.Grasp the locations and branch distributions and clinical anatomy of thoracic sympathetic trunks.

18.Grasp the beginning, ending, drainage and clinical anatomy of thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct, Be familiar with nine lymphatic trunks.

Abdomen & Pelvis

-Contents and Demands:

Ⅰ. Bones and joints of abdomen & pelvis

1.Grasp the shape, structures and clinical anatomy of lumber vertebrae.

2.Grasp the shape, structures and clinical anatomy of sacrum

3.Grasp the shape, structures and clinical anatomy of hip bone.

4.Be familiar with the joints of the pelvis. Grasp the Composition, portions, apertures and clinical anatomy of pelvis.

Ⅱ. Abdomen

1.Grasp the layers and clinical anatomy of anterior and lateral wall of abdomen; Be familiar with the posterior abdominal wall; Be familiar with the a., v., and n. supplying abdominal wall and clinical anatomy.

2.Grasp the location, composition and clinical anatomy of inguinal canal; Grasp the structures passing through the inguinal canal; Grasp the Boundaries and clinical anatomy of inguinal triangle .

3.Grasp the composition and clinical anatomy of spermatic cord; Grasp the location, function and clinical anatomy of epididymis.

4.Be familiar with the definitions of peritoneum and peritoneal cavity; Be familiar with the structures formed by peritoneum; Grasp the lesser omentum, greater omentum, mesentery, mesoappendix, transverse mesocolon, sigmoid mesocolon, ligaments of liver, omental bursa, omental foramen, and pouches, and their clinical anatomy.

5.Grasp the location, shape, structures and clinical anatomy of stomach.

6.Be familiar with the portions of small and large intestine.

7.Grasp the location, shape, structures and clinical anatomy of duodenum.

8.Be familiar with the location and clinical anatomy of jejunum and ileum.

9.Grasp the features and clinical anatomy of colon.

10.Grasp the location, structures and clinical anatomy of the caecum.

11.Grasp the location of the vermiform appendix，and surface marking of the root of vermiform appendix and its clinical anatomy.

12.Grasp the location, shape and structures，surface markings and clinical anatomy of liver.

13.Grasp the location, portions, structures and clinical anatomy of gallbladder，and surface markings of fundus of gallbladder.

14.Grasp the location, shape and structures, and clinical anatomy of pancreas.

15.Grasp the composition of extrahepatic parts of biliary system. and their clinical anatomy.

16.Grasp the location, shape and structures, and clinical anatomy of spleen.

17.Grasp the location and shape of kidney, structures passing through the hilus of kidney, internal structure of kidney; structures in renal sinus, capsules enclosing the kidney, and clinical anatomy of kidney.

18.Be familiar with the location and clinical anatomy of suprarenal glands.

19.Be familiar with the course and clinical anatomy of ureter.

20.Grasp the location and clinical anatomy of abdominal aorta; Be familiar with the branches off abdominal aorta to the abdominal wall; Grasp the branches off abdominal aorta to the abdominal viscera; Grasp the branch supplying of the celiac trunk, superior and inferior mesenteric a..

21.Grasp the location and clinical anatomy of inferior vena cava; Grasp the main tributaries of inferior vena cava.

22.Grasp the formation and tributaries of portal v., and the places and clinical anatomy of portal-systemic venous anastomoses.

23.Grasp the locations of lumber sympathetic trunks, and branch distributions and clinical anatomy of sympathetic n. and parasympathetic n. in the abdomen.

24.Be familiar with the locations and branch distributions of lumber plexuses.

Ⅲ. Pelvis

1.Grasp the location, shapes or structures and clinical anatomy of rectum.

2.Grasp the structures and clinical anatomy of anal canal.

3.Grasp the location, shapes or portions of urinary bladder; Be familiar with the feature of inner surface of urinary bladder. Grasp the place of trigone of bladder and clinical anatomy.

4.Be familiar with the shape or structures and clinical anatomy of prostate

5.Grasp the location, ligaments and clinical anatomy of ovary.

6.Grasp the location, shapes or potions and clinical anatomy of uterine tubes.

7.Grasp the location, posture, shapes, portions, cavity and clinical anatomy of the uterus; Grasp the supporting structures or ligaments for the uterus.

8.Be familiar with the orifice and clinical anatomy of vagina and fornix of vagina.

9.Be familiar with the course and clinical anatomy of ductus deferens.

10.Be familiar with the location and clinical anatomy of seminal vesicle.

11.Be familiar with the formation, opening and clinical anatomy of ejaculatory ducts.

12.Grasp the features and clinical anatomy of the male and female urethrae.

13.Grasp the beginning, ending and clinical anatomy of common iliac a. and v.; Grasp the beginning and ending and clinical anatomy of external and internal iliac a. and v.; Be familiar with the branch supplying of the internal iliac a.; Grasp the position relation between uterine a. and ureter.

14.Be familiar with the location, branch distributions and clinical anatomy of sciatic plexuses.

15.Grasp the locations of pelvic sympathetic trunks, and the branch distributions and clinical anatomy of sympathetic n. and parasympathetic n. in the pelvis.

16.Be familiar with the muscles of pelvis.

Ⅳ.Perineum

1.Be familiar with the regions of perineum.

2.Be familiar with the structures and clinical anatomy of male external genital organs; Be familiar with the female external genital organs.

3.Be familiar with the general arrangement and clinical anatomy of the perineum urogenital and anal regions. Grasp the location and contents of superficial perineal space; Grasp the location and contents of deep perineal space; Grasp the location and contents of ischiorectal fossa.

4.Grasp the arteries, veins, and nerves supplying of the perineum and their clinical anatomy.

Part 3. Head, Neck

Head & Neck

-Contents and Demands:

Ⅰ. Cervical vertebrae

1.Grasp the conformation, function and clinical anatomy of cervical vertebrae.

2.Grasp the general structure of cervical vertebrae, character and clinical anatomy of atlas and axis.

Ⅱ. The skull

1.Be familiar with the boundaries and parts of head.

2.Grasp the important osseous mark of head.

3.Be familiar with the subdivision of calveria.

4.Grasp the construction features and clinical anatomy of frontal, parietal, occipital region and temporal region. Be familiar with the source and clinical anatomy of blood vessels, branches, distributions and clinical anatomy of nerves.

5.Grasp the conformation, parts, function and clinical anatomy of skull.

6.Grasp the conformation and clinical anatomy of cerebral cranium. Be familiar with the structure and clinical anatomy of sphenoid bone and temporal bone.

7.Grasp the conformation and clinical anatomy of facial cranium。Grasp the structure and clinical anatomy of maxilla and mandible.

8.Be familiar with the external view, internal view and clinical anatomy of the calvaria.

9.Grasp the important structure and clinical anatomy of internal surface of base of skull。Be familiar with the external surface and clinical anatomy of base of skull.

10.Be familiar with the conformation, structure and clinical anatomy of orbit。Grasp the position of supraorbital notch, infraorbital foramen.

11.Grasp the conformation and clinical anatomy of bony nasal cavity；position and clinical anatomy of paranasal sinuses.

12.Be familiar with the lateral view of skull。Be familiar with the position and clinical anatomy of pterion, temporal foss, infratemporal fossa , pterygopalatine fossa.

13.Understand the character and clinical anatomy of skull in neonate.

14.Grasp the important surface mark of skull.

Ⅲ. Side and anterior triangle of neck

1.Be familiar with the boundaries, subdivisions and clinical anatomy of neck.

Textbook:

Textbook,<Grant’s Dissector> ,the thirteenth edition by Patrick W Tank

Publishing house::Ippincott Williams & Wilkins，2005，ISBN 0-7817-5484-4

Supplementary Materials:

2.DVD and VCD related to anatomy teaching

3.National Geographic - Incredible Human Machine

4.National Geographic - The Incredible Human Body

5.Acland's DVD Atlas of Human Anatomy - Set of 6

6.Inside the Living Body

7.The Miracle of Life

8.The Human Body - Major Systems & Organs Operation for regional anatomy by People’s Health Electron Audio-Video Publishing House(2009)