Contents, requirements and class hours
Chapter 1 Introduction ( 1 class hour )
Contents:
1. Study objects. Tasks. Contents and methods of physiology;
2. Regulation of physiological functions: neural regulation, humoral regulation and autoregulation;
3. Regulatory controls of physiological functions: ways of regulation, cybernertics of physiological functions.
Requirements:
1. Understand study objects, tasks, contents and methods of physiology.
2. Grasp:
（1）ways to regulate physiological functions;
（2）the definition of cybernetics.
Chapter 2 the basic functions of cells （ 5 class hours ）
Contents:
1. The basic organization of cell membranes and its function as transport of substances;
2. Signal transmission across cell membranes;
3. The excitability and electrical behavior of cells;
4. Contraction of muscle cells.
Requirements:
1. Grasp:
（1）cell membranes’ function as substances transport and signal transmission;
（2）the basic principle of generation and conduction of excitation;
（3）the mechanism and regulation of muscular contraction;
（4）the function of nerve fiber;
（5）exterior behavior and force analyses of muscular contraction.
2. Understand patch-clamp and voltage-clamp techniques.
Chapter 3 blood （ 3 class hours ）
Contents:
1. The concepts of body fluid and internal environment;
2. The components and properties of blood;
3. Blood corpuscle and its function: the physiology of erythrocyte, leukocyte and platelets;
4. Hemostasic physiology;
5. Blood group and the principle of blood transfusion.
Requirements:
1. Grasp:
（1）the definition of internal environment and homeostasis;
（2）blood group and the principle of blood transfusion.
2. Understand the components of blood, its physical and chemical characteristics as well as tis physiological functions.
Chapter 4 the cardiovascular system ( 12 class hours )
Contents:
1. Cardiac pump;
2. Electrical activities and physiological characteristics of the cardiac cells;
3. Physiology of the blood vessels, microcirculation, the formation of tissue fluid, the formation of lymph fluid and its recirculation;
4. The adjustment of the cardiovascular activity.
Requirements:
1. Grasp:
（1）cardiac ejection;
（2）the electrical activities and characteristics of the cardiac cells;
（3）the formation of arterial blood pressure and its determinants;
（4）the physiological function of microcirculation;
（5）the regulation of the cardiovascular activity.
2. Understand functional properties of various blood vessels and the definition of hemodynamics.
Chapter 5 the respiratory system ( 5 class hours )
Contents:
1. Three links of respiration;
2. Pulmonary ventilation;
3. Gas exchange;
4. Gas transport in blood;
5. Control of respiration.
Requirements:
1. Grasp:
（1）the principle of pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange;
（2）the forms of gas transport in blood;
（3）the formation of breathing rhythm;
（4）control of respiration.
2. Understand:
（1）the definition of respiration;
（2）three links of respiration;
（3）the structure and functions of the lung.
Chapter 6 the gastrointestinal system ( 3 class hours )
Contents:
1. Overview of gastrointestinal physiology;
2. Gastric digestion: secretion and motility;
3. Intestinal digestion: the secretion and regulation of pancreatic juice and bile;
4. Overview of absorption and the absorption of main nutrients in the small intestine.
Requirements:
1. Grasp:
（1）gastrointestinal digestion;
（2）the regulation of digestive gland's secretion and digestive tract's motility by nerve and body fluid.
2. Understand the basic process of absorption in the digestive tract.
Chapter 7 energy metabolism and body temperature （ 3 class hours ）
Contents：
1. Energy metabolism：the concept of basal metabolism and its measurements，the main determinants of energy metabolism;
2. Body temperature and its regulation: body heat equilibrium.
Requirements:
1. Grasp:
（1）the definition of basal metabolism;
（2）the major determinants of energy metabolism;
（3）the process to produce heat and dissipate heat.
2. Understand:
（1）the basis of measuring body's energy metabolism and its methods;
（2）the definition of body temperature and its normal fluctuation;
（3）the principle of homeostasis of body temperature.
Chapter 8 the kidney ( 5 class hours )
Contents:
1. The functional structure and characteristics of kidney;
2. Glomerular filtration;
3. The function of renal tubule and collecting duct: transport;
4. Concentration and dilution of urine;
5. Regulation of producing urine;
6. Clearance;
7. Excretion of urine.
Requirements:
1. Grasp:
（1）the process to produce urine and its determinants;
（2）the regulation of kidney to excrete urine;
（3）micturition reflection.
2. Understand:
（1）the significance of measuring clearance;
（2）the role of excretion in homeostatic mechanism of body.
Chapter 9 the sensory system ( 4 class hours )
Contents:
1. Overview: the definitions, types and general physiological features of sensory receptors and sensory organs;
2. Vision;
3. Audition;
4. Vestibular organ.
Requirements:
1. Grasp:
（1）general physiological features of sensory receptors;
（2）the perceptive mechanism of vision and audition.
2. Understand:
（1）the definition of sensory receptions and sensory organs;
（2）adequate stimulus of vestibular organ;
（3）the receptors of olfaction, taste and skin.
Chapter 10 the nervous system ( 10 class hours )
Contents:
1. The general rules of nervous activities;
2. The general rules of reflex and propagation of excitation in the center of the reflex arc; central inhibition; feedback adjustment of reflex;
3. Sensory analysis of the nervous system;
4. Control of somatic movement by the nervous system;
5. Control of visceral activities by the nervous system;
6. The higher function of the brain.
Requirement:
1. Grasp:
（1）the principle of synaptic transmission and central inhibition;
（2）control of somatic movement and visceral activities by the central nervous system.
2. Understand:
（1）the general rules of neurons and reflex;
（2）the sensory function of the central nervous system;
（3）the higher function of the brain.
Chapter 11 the endocrine systemn ( 3 class hours )
Contents:
1. Overview of endocrine: types and mechanisms of hormone
2. The endocrine function and regulation of the hypothalamus
3. Pituitary: anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary
4. Synthesis, metabolism, functions and regulation of thyroid hormones
5. Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
6. Pancreatic islet: insulin, glucagon
Requirement:
1. Grasp physiological functions and endocrine regulations of several major hormones.
2. Understand:
（1）the role of the endocine system in the regulation;
（2）the general feature and mechanisms of hormone.
